I would like to share some easy facts about ghazal and nazam.
As we know that a ghazal is a collection of ashaars.
ek ghazal me kuch sher hote hain
aur har sher apne aap me ek msg deta hai in fact
a sher is a poem in itself.
ghazal ke pehle sher ko matla aur aakhiri sher jisme
shayar apna takhallus likhta hai use Makta kahte hain.
iske baad ghazal me mainly radeef kaafiya aur beher ki
jaankaari/malumaat hi baki rahti hai.
in a ghazal the second line of the sher must have the same
pattern of words and that is called RADEEF.
KAAFIYA is the pattern of words before radeef in every sher.
BEHEER is actually the meter of the ghazal.
isko hum shuruaati taur pe aise samajh sakte hain
that words in both line of sher must have approximate
number of words.
aur isi tarah se har sher lagbhag utne hi words rakhta
hai ghazal me and is known as BEHER of ghazal.
it is of mainly three types:
short,medium and long.
For illustration point of view we can take a ghazal as an example.
Example Ghazal :
chashm-e-mayaguu.N zaraa idhar kar de
dast-e-kudarat ko be-asar kar de
tez hai aaj dard-e-dil saaqii
talKhi-e-may ko tez-tar kar de
josh-e-vahashat hai tishnaakaam abhii
chaak-e-daaman ko taazagaar kar de
merii qismat se khelane vaale
mujh ko qismat se beKhabar kar de
luT rahii hai merii mataa-e-niyaaz
kaash! vo is taraf nazar kar de
'Faiz' takmiil-e-aarazuu maaluum
ho sake to yuu.N hii basar kar de
dast-e-kudarat ko be-asar kar de
tez hai aaj dard-e-dil saaqii
talKhi-e-may ko tez-tar kar de
josh-e-vahashat hai tishnaakaam abhii
chaak-e-daaman ko taazagaar kar de
merii qismat se khelane vaale
mujh ko qismat se beKhabar kar de
luT rahii hai merii mataa-e-niyaaz
kaash! vo is taraf nazar kar de
'Faiz' takmiil-e-aarazuu maaluum
ho sake to yuu.N hii basar kar de
Faiz Ahmed Faiz ji ki is ghazal me hum
dekh sakte hain ki 'kar de' last words in
every sher is RADEEF and idhar,beasar.tez-tar,tazaagaar,nazar,
basar all these words which are before radeef and following a
rhyming pattern are KAAFIYA.
the beher of ghazal is Short.
and in last sher i.e in MAKTA
the poet has also used his takhallus
'Faiz'
A nazam is a poem in urdu.
the main difference between ghazal and nazam is
that a ghazal is free from following any single theme,
but a nazam is always made on a single theme.
ghazal me har sher ek doosre se alag ho sakte hain
par nazam me sabhi ashaar ek doosre se connected
rahte hain aur theme par hi rahte hain.
A ghazal has to follow the rule of Radeef and Kaafiya
but a nazam is free from the rules of radeef and kaafiya.
jaisa ki hum ye jaan chuke hain ki nazam hamesha ek hi
mood/theme par aadharit hoti hai.
there are no of nazams,an example of a nazam is as below:
main bhool jaaooN tumhen -2, ab yahi munaasib hai
main bhool jaaooN tumhen, ab yahi munaasib hai
magar bhulaanaa bhi chaahooN to kis tarah bhoolooN -2
ki tum to phir bhi haqeeqat ho koi Khvaab nahin
yahaaN to dil kaa ye aalam hai kyaa kahooN, kambaKt
bhulaa sakaa naa ye vo silsilaa jo thaa bhi nahin -2
vo ek Khyaal jo aavaaz tak gayaa hi nahin
vo ek baat jo main kah nahin sakaa tumse
vo ek rabt jo ham mein kabhi rahaa hi nahin
mujhe hai yaad vo sab jo kabhi huaa hi nahin
agar ye haal hai dil kaa to koi samjhaaye -2
tumhen bhulaanaa bhi chaahooN to kis tarah bhoolooN
ki tum to phir bhi haqeeqat ho koi Khvaab nahin Behr(Metre)
BEHER (Meter) : Both lines in a sher should be of same lenth in terms of words and its meter.
‘Bah’r or ‘Meter’ is the structure over which the words of a misra’a (line) of a she’r (verse) are arranged. Bah’r itself is made of ‘arkaan’ (plural of ‘rukn’ which means ‘pillar’ or ‘important part’).
well as per me i would like to state that we have to know matra or weighing of words,any word which we pronounce long sound is weighed as 2 and word with short pronounciation is 1
we just have to categorize the words with this like
Word (Breakdown) -> Weight
vazn (vaz-n) -> 2-1
dil (dil) -> 2
ham (ham ) -> 2
suniye (su-ni-ye) -> 1-1-2
saajan (saa-jan) -> 2-2
jaanam (jaa-nam) -> 2-2
zindagi (zin-da-gi) -> 2-1-2
maut (mau-t) -> 2-1
or
mausam (mau-sam) -> 2-2
fazaa (fa-zaa) -> 1-2
gardish (gar-dish) -> 2-2
khoobsoorat (khoo-b-soo-rat) -> 2-1-2-2
isi tarah se hume ghazal ke pehle misre yani pehli line ki according jo meter banta hai use hi ghazal ki beher banake use hi follow karna chahiye poori ghazal me
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
ye mahalo.n, ye taKto.n, ye taajo.n kii duniyaa
ye inasaa.n ke dushman samaajo.n kii duniyaa
ye daulat ke bhuukhe rivaazo.n kii duniyaa
ye duniyaa agar mil bhii jaaye to kyaa hai
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2
yeh kis qayaamat ki be-kasi hai, na main hi apna, ne yaar mera
na Khaatir-e-be qaraar meri, na deeda-e-ashkbaar mera
BELOW ARE OTHER WAYS AND SOME MORE DETAILED INFORMATIONS,WE CAN EASILY UNDERSTAND WITH EXAMPLES.
